Joint Venture Between Alcatel And Lucent Technologies...

The following report is based on the joint venture between Alcatel and Lucent Technologies becoming Alcatel Lucent. The initial company Alcatel, is a French based telecommunications company that attempted to expand to the United States for market growth/ potential in 2006. The actions taken, implemented in Alcatel Lucent not being able to meet its objective to make a foot print in the U.S market and economy, however the opportunity for the company is available if it can find a method to beat the heavy competition and gain local shares in the market against the large brands already existent and born in the U.S. furthermore Alcatel Lucent need to recover from the deficit it faced from the 2007 global recession (Alcatel Lucent, 2015). Introduction International business is the measurement of performance based on trade and investment past national borders. A firm will often go international or be born global as an overall strategic implement of market potential and growth to gain more efficiency and profit (Luthans, 2012). However there is huge risk with taking on the market potential international, the risk can be the success or failure of a firm. To reduce this risk of failure, firms often rely on knowledge as a key resource to measure the business environment (NorthWestern Ontario Innovation,, 2015). 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Edward Snowden Case And Morality Of Secrecy -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Edward Snowden Case And Morality Of Secrecy? Answer: Introduction Information Ethics is the branch of ethics that deals with the organization, collection and use of information or data according to the ethical standards and moral codes. It provides a framework concerning the ethical issues related to privacy and security of information, problems arising from the ownership of information, data or facts and many more (Floridi, 2013). An analysis of the most famous case of Edward Snowden is done in this report using Doing Ethics Technique and on the basis of ACS code of ethics. DET is a technique of analysing the ethical issues in a scenario. Though it does not provide best solution but van force someone to think ethically (McDermid, 2015). On the other hand, ACS code of ethics provides six core ethical values which are to be followed by each and every member of the society. These values allow the individuals to act with responsibility and integrity with respect to all their professional dealings (Acs.org.au, 2014). Edwards case is analysed on the basis of these two techniques, out of which one provides the details and all the facts including ethical issues and complications about the case, whereas the other deals with the degree of persuasion of ACS ethical codes by Snowden. The report provides details of various statements made by many authorities in respect to his actions followed by a conclusion that shows the result of both the analysis and provide overall recommendations. Synopsis of the case In year 2013, a 29 year old individual employed as a computer expert at National Security Agency and a former CIA systems administrator, Edward Snowden was held responsible for leaking the confidential government documents to reporters at The Guardian and The Washington Post. According to the US government and many legal authorities, Edward violated the Espionage Act 1917, which defines the leak of state records as an act of betrayal. But despite the fact that he broke the law, Edward argued that it was his moral responsibility to inform the public about what is done for and against them. Many people regarded the act of Snowden as ethical whereas many treated him as Traitor (Nolan, 2017). Case facts There are some facts about the case which describes it in a nutshell. They also provides the evidence regarding the statements made in support and against the case. Following are: Edward Snowden is an ex-CIA agent who released the intimate information to press about the data mining program of NSA. The documents which got leaked contains the details of NSA surveillance programs that collect and perform data mining on millions of US phones and Internet traffic data in order to identify the links with known terrorists (Branum and Charteris-Black, 2015). According to the government and American Law, his actions violates espionage. Snowden opposed all the allegations put on him by stating that it was his act of whistleblowing. The Attorney General of US, Eric Holder, stated that he harmed the national security and broke the law, for which he should be held accountable (Fenner, 2014) Jesselyn Radack, a member of Government Accountability Project took the side of Edward by considering his actions to be ethically true and by arguing that he worked for public welfare (Fenner, 2014). Issues related to the case The disclosure of the governments wide surveillance program has fuelled an emotional debate related to privacy, secrecy and security. These disclosure raised three fundamental issues that are: People raised the question on the working of governments that was it okay to conduct such a massive program and to maintain such extensive files. Another issue was that, the government keep the surveillance program secret from the public. The question raised that was it ethical to do so (Greenwald, MacAskill and Poitras, 2013). The case involved an issue which addresses that did the government provide a justification for the disclosure of classified information by Edward, if it was not hiding the program from public. Ethical issues related to breach of law, legality, nations privacy and security also arises in the case (Harding, 2014). However, there were no answers to these questions. In fact, the officials who respect privacy were also involved in this. People who get affected Edward Snowden Looking at his deeds, US Government annulled his passport and its Whistle blower Protection Act does not allow him to enter the country because of his contractual working with the government. So on a whole the case had negative impact on the life of Snowden (Von Solms and van Heerden, 2015). NSA As per the reforms presented by Obama administration, NSA could no longer directly collect the call records from the telephone companies and required a court approval to do the same. On the top of this, NSA was allowed to collect data two hops from the source. Foreign relationships The case had also impacted the foreign relations of United States. Countries like Brazil, Germany, and Russia with whom US maintain relations, had decided to downgrade the commercial ties with the country. Brazil president cancelled his planned visit to US in October 2013, Germany asked for the investigation of NSA spying on it and Russia took the advantage of Snowdens statements to define US as two-faced. All these incidents hinder the relationship of US with these countries (Von Solms and van Heerden, 2015). Cloud based companies There were doubts about the cloud based services offered by American companies on American soil, as the outside governments were suspecting that they might have been spied upon. Due to the disclosures, the US technological companies suffers high losses and damages (Von Solms and van Heerden, 2015). Ethical issues and its implications According to German philosopher Immanuel Kant, the actions of Edward Snowden were against the ethics. The Kant theory states that certain actions like murder, theft and lying are strictly prohibited, even if they give a positive result. He said that the reason for performing actions is not pleasure but to produce a will that is good and a good will is established by acting for the sake of the duty (O'Neill, 2013). According to his theory, Snowden must have act for his duty towards NSA and US government. By leaking the secret documents, he violates the ethics of privacy, secrecy and confidentiality of the nation. He must had perform his duty as an employee of NSA rather than acting as whistle blower. National security and privacy was hindered by his deeds which left a great impact on the overall country. USAs foreign relationships got worse, security and general public has affected a lot and even Edward himself had to face many things because of breach of his duty ethics (Lyon, 2014). Solutions to solve the case Considering Kants theory, Edward has many alternatives to stop the surveillance program. He could go to the regulatory authorities, or any legal department regarding the case. In fact he could consult with one of the organization member rather than secretly disclosing the information in the media. He could have done this without violating his duty ethics. Options available Various options were available like talking about the concern with one of the colleague, consulting to a NGO or legal authority or a regulatory department about the issue. Best Option The best option which could be exercised was Snowden taking the help of legal and regulatory departments regarding surveillance program. He must have spoken to them regarding penetrating privacy of general public by NSA. This could make his actions legal and also in favour of both the country and public. If he had opt for this alternative, then situation would be different than that of what happened after his sudden disclosure to the media. The primacy of public interest According to ACS code of ethics, one should keep the interest of public above all. An individuals actions must be in favour of public interest prior to the business or sectional interest. The person should act within the law and should comply with the society rule of giving first priority to the public (McDermid, 2015). In Edward Snowden case, he has followed this ACS code of ethics as he revealed about the NSA surveillance program to the public, fulfilling his duty of whistle blower. He told the public about NSAs secret program of collecting the private information of general public related to their phone calls, contacts, emails, messages and everything. He did not think of breaking the legal laws and security of the nation and follow his whistleblowing ethics by keeping public interest above all. The enhancement of quality of life This code of ethics deals with enhancing the quality of life of the people who are affected by the work of an individual. The development of ICT has significant impact on the life styles and society of people. The technology has both negative and positive impact, so in order to reduce such negative effects, an ethical approach of improving the quality of life of affected people is followed (Weckert, 2017). Edward knows that the surveillance program conducted by NSA would largely impact the live of Americans. Tracking the record of personal data of general public by using technology, would not be acceptable in any means and the organization should not cross its limits. Through leaking the classified documents, Snowden make the people aware about the deeds of NSA and protect them from their implications. In a manner, he followed the ethics of enhancing the life quality of Americans. Honesty All the professional decisions and actions of an individual must underline its utmost honesty and integrity. There may be some circumstances which forces an individual to be deceptive in some way and to act for his benefits. This type of behaviour is strictly prohibited as per the ethic of honesty (Bowern, et. al. 2006).Talking about honesty, Edward somehow not followed this code as he stole the documents and gave them to the reporters without the concern of NSA. This shows his breach of honesty towards his organization. Though his revelations benefited to public to some extent but his actions towards his duty shows dishonesty in his professional career. He broke the code of honesty and loses the trust of his stakeholders. Competence It means an individual must accept only that work, for which he is capable of doing. He must be competent to perform and should not hesitate to take advice from the qualified experts. The person must know his limitations, his capabilities and knowledge about using all the facets of ICT (Aasheim, 2011). Keeping this ethic in mind, Snowden was capable of doing both the work that is keeping the NSA program as a secret and revealing it about to the general public. As all knows, he chose to release the documents to the press agencies, following other ethics related to primacy of public interest and enhancement of quality of life. Though it is a fact that it did it in a dishonest way, but he was aware about all the facts, standards and legislation related to the program, which he thought to make people aware about. So in some manner, he followed competency in his profession. Professional Development This code allows the person to keep himself updated about the new technologies, standards and practices related to his work. An individual must increase its awareness about the issues which affects his relations with public and profession. He should support the programs concerning with training and development of ICT that helps in satisfying the needs of individual professional and their career. Edward Snowden was very much aware about the changes going in the organization, technologies used by NSA employees to conduct the surveillance program and the consequences of the same on the country. He updated himself with all the facts and classified documents related to PRISM, gather all the information and then released it into the public through the reporters of The Guardian and The Washington Post. The US government still feels that Edward has some more information regarding the program, which he did not disclosed to public. Professionalism This code of ethic defines that there should be professionalism in anything a person do. He should maintain professional standards and the society should be aware of the fact that ACS can help them to resolve ethical dilemmas. It can assist in taking correct actions like whistle-blowing (Al-Saggaf, Burmeister and Schwartz, 2017). Edward follow his professionalism to the extent where his actions justify the ethics of a whistle-blower. He went against NSA and decides to showcase organizations secret program as he thought that NSA was breaching the privacy of public. But from US government, NSA and some peoples point of view, he violates the law of Espionage, breaches national security and privacy which shows his unprofessionalism toward his duty. Conclusion The above report concludes that there were some ethical issues which came into notice by applying DET to the case study. It is reported that in order to fulfil his whistle-blowers responsibility, he violates the country laws which affected many people including himself. He loses the trust of his organization and US government and also hinders privacy and security of the country. By revealing the secret program of NSA, he portrays himself as a traitor in eyes of many people which includes government officials and legal authorities. The technique also provides some options that can be applied by Edward to solve the issues, which would not result in breaking of laws, his loyalty towards NSA and his duty ethics. The report also concludes that he almost followed all the six ethical values laid down by ACS. His actions justifies and reflects those moral code of ethics which are required to be followed by an ICT professional. From this perspective, his deeds completely justifies him but from the point of view of Kants ethical approach, Snowdens actions include one of the certain action that is stealing of the documents, which is prohibited and against ethics according to Immanuel Kant. Although he was seen as a hero for many people as he prevents the privacy of general people from being hampered. Many people justified his actions as his duty of whistle-blower and its ethics. So overall, it can be said that Edward Snowden was traitor as well as a hero according to his actions. But if he had followed a legal procedure for doing all this, then he might have saved himself from such allegations and repercussions. References Aasheim, L., 2011.Practical clinical supervision for counselors: An experiential guide. Springer Publishing Company. Acs.org.au. (2014).ACS Code of Professional Conduct Professional Standards Board Australian Computer Society. [Online] Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/rules-and-regulations/Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf [Accessed 27 Jan. 2018]. Al-Saggaf, Y., Burmeister, O.K. and Schwartz, M., 2017. Qualifications and ethics education: the views of ICT professionals.Australasian Journal of Information Systems,21. Bowern, M., Burmeister, O., Gotterbarn, D. and Weckert, J., 2006. ICT Integrity: Bringing the ACS Code of Ethics up to date.Australasian Journal of Information Systems,13(2). Branum, J. and Charteris-Black, J., 2015. The Edward Snowden affair: A corpus study of the British press.Discourse Communication,9(2), pp.199-220. Fenner, G., 2014. Edward Snowden: Hero or Traitor? Floridi, L., 2013.The ethics of information. Oxford University Press. Greenwald, G., MacAskill, E. and Poitras, L. 2013.Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations. [Online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance [Accessed 27 Jan. 2018]. Harding, L., 2014.The Snowden files: The inside story of the world's most wanted man. Guardian Faber Publishing. Lyon, D., 2014. Surveillance, Snowden, and big data: Capacities, consequences, critique.Big Data Society,1(2), p.2053951714541861. McDermid, D., 2015.Ethics in ICT: an Australian perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU. McDermid, D., 2015.Ethics in ICT: an Australian perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU. Nolan, C., 2017. The Edward Snowden Case and the Morality of Secrecy.Catholic Social Science Review,22, pp.291-310. O'Neill, O., 2013.Acting on principle: An essay on Kantian ethics. Cambridge University Press. Von Solms, S. and van Heerden, R., 2015, January. The Consequences of Edward Snowden NSA Related Information Disclosures. InIccws 2015-The Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security: ICCWS2015(p. 358). Academic Conferences Limited. Weckert, J. ed., 2017.Computer ethics. Routledge.

Heat Transfer Essay Example

Heat Transfer Essay The University of Sydney Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering MECH3260 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Quiz 3 2007 Time: 40 minutes Answer ONE question only. Question 1 Consider the cylindrical receiver in a solar thermal power plant shown below. The receiver is made of opaque material and has a diameter D = 8m and length L = 14m. At a particular time, the heliostats direct a concentrated solar flux of q†S = 80 kW/m2 onto the receiver. The ambient air has a temperature T( = 300K and there is no wind. Under these conditions, the surface of the receiver has a temperature of Ts = 700K, an emissivity of ( = 0. and a solar absorptivity (S = 0. 8. i) Calculate the heat loss from the vertical surface of the receiver due to convection. Assume effects of curvature are negligible. ii) Calculate the heat loss from the vertical surface of the receiver due to radiative emission. Neglect irradiation from the surroundings. iii) Determine the collector efficiency. iv) If a wind started to blow, what would happen to the surface temperature of the receiver? Would you expect the collector efficiency to increase, decrease or remain the same? Explain your answers. (Note – assume all other conditions remain the same. ) [pic] Question 2 The roof of a refrigerated truck compartment is of composite construction, consisting of a layer of foamed urethane insulation (t2 = 40mm, ki = 0. 03W/mK) sandwiched between aluminium alloy panels (t1 = 6mm, kp = 200W/mK). The length and width of the roof are L = 12m and W = 4m respectively. The temperature of the refrigerated space within the truck is –15? C. The solar absorptivity and the emissivity of the outer surface are (S = 0. 3 and ( = 0. 7. Consider conditions for which the truck is moving at a speed of V = 90km/h, the air temperature is T( = 30? C and the solar irradiation is GS = 900W/m2. We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Transfer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Transfer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Transfer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Assume turbulent flow over the entire roof. Take the average convection coefficient on the inner surface of the roof to be 0. 5W/m2K. i) Derive an equation for the average temperature of the outer surface Ts,o in the form and hence show that Ts,o ( 302K = 29? C. Assume a film temperature of 300K and neglect irradiation from surroundings. (No marks if your equation is not in the above form) ii) Determine the corresponding heat load imposed on the refrigeration system. iii) The average convection coefficient assumed for the inner surface of the roof is relatively low. Explain why this is so. [pic] [pic] [pic] Heat Transfer Essay Example Heat Transfer Essay Consider the cylindrical receiver in a solar thermal power plant shown below. The receiver is made of opaque material and has a diameter D = 8m and length L = 14m. At a particular time, the heliostats direct a concentrated solar flux of q†S = 80 kW/m2 onto the receiver. The ambient air has a temperature T( = 300K and there is no wind. Under these conditions, the surface of the receiver has a temperature of Ts = 700K, an emissivity of ( = 0. and a solar absorptivity (S = 0. 8. i) Calculate the heat loss from the vertical surface of the receiver due to convection. Assume effects of curvature are negligible. ii) Calculate the heat loss from the vertical surface of the receiver due to radiative emission. Neglect irradiation from the surroundings. iii) Determine the collector efficiency. iv) If a wind started to blow, what would happen to the surface temperature of the receiver? Would you expect the collector efficiency to increase, decrease or remain the same? Explain your answers. (Note – assume all other conditions remain the same. ) [pic] Question 2 The roof of a refrigerated truck compartment is of composite construction, consisting of a layer of foamed urethane insulation (t2 = 40mm, ki = 0. 03W/mK) sandwiched between aluminium alloy panels (t1 = 6mm, kp = 200W/mK). The length and width of the roof are L = 12m and W = 4m respectively. The temperature of the refrigerated space within the truck is –15? C. The solar absorptivity and the emissivity of the outer surface are (S = 0. 3 and ( = 0. 7. Consider conditions for which the truck is moving at a speed of V = 90km/h, the air temperature is T( = 30? C and the solar irradiation is GS = 900W/m2. We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Transfer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Transfer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Transfer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Assume turbulent flow over the entire roof. Take the average convection coefficient on the inner surface of the roof to be 0. 5W/m2K. i) Derive an equation for the average temperature of the outer surface Ts,o in the form and hence show that Ts,o ( 302K = 29? C. Assume a film temperature of 300K and neglect irradiation from surroundings. (No marks if your equation is not in the above form) ii) Determine the corresponding heat load imposed on the refrigeration system. iii) The average convection coefficient assumed for the inner surface of the roof is relatively low.

Dead Poets Society John Keating Essays

Dead Poets Society John Keating Essays Dead Poets Society John Keating Paper Dead Poets Society John Keating Paper I deeply remember the English teacher He is really a great teacher. His new teaching method brought vitality Mr.. Keating. To the old school. I still remember that he said, Even though it may seem sill or wrong, you may try. I wont forget he made the students tear some pages of their books on which he thought what the author said was wrong. He told the students that, Now when you read, dont Just consider what the author thinks, consider what you think. Boys, you must strive to find your own voice. I wont forget that he stood on the desk ,Why do I stand here? To feel taller than you? I stand on my desk to remind myself that we must constantly force ourselves to look at things In a different way, The world looks different from up here. If you dont believe It, stand up here and try It. All of you, take turns. I wont forget at the end of the movie the students who love him so much that they dont want him to leave stood on their desks, called him, Oh. Captain, my captain' The death of Nell make me feel sorrow. HIS father loved IM, but not in the right way. If he could listen and understand the thought of Neil, maybe the tragedy wont happen. It is Mr.. Keating who teaches the students to follow their dreams and to be creative and individual. We really need teachers like Mr.. Keating. I know from him that it is important to stand ones ground no matter how hard it may be. l went to the woods because I wanted to live deliberately I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life To put to rout all that was not life And not when I came to die, discover that I had not lived This story takes place in 1959 at Walton School, a prep school for boys. John Keating, a former student at the school, begins working in the school as an English teacher. With his unique teaching methods he inspires his students to be themselves, and act like individuals. He teaches them to think for themselves and to *Seize the day* With the boys having a new way of viewing life, they follow there thoughts, and form a new Dead Poets Society. Mr.. Keating classes drew a lot of attention from the administration. Eventually Neil commits suicide, and the school investigates into why this happened. The boys were then intimidated into saying that Mr.. Keating was a bad influence to Neil, and he was forced to leave the school. MR. passion, 95, Keating, fatty , NORM Eating Dead Poets Society -John Keating By Nancy on the desk do I stand here? To feel taller than you? I stand on my desk to remind myself that we must constantly force ourselves to look at things in a different way. The world looks different from up here. If you dont believe it, stand up here and ray it. All of you, take turns. I wont forget at the end of the movie the students who love him so much that they dont want him to leave stood on their desks, called him, Oh, captain, my captain! The death of Neil make me feel sorrow. His father loved maybe the tragedy wont happen. It is Mr.. Keating who teaches the students to follow wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life! Like individuals. He teaches them to think for themselves and to Baize the day. MR. Keating?+Effie, passion, DEED IDLER Eating

Bsiness statistic assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bsiness statistic - Assignment Example For example, when the factors that are contributing most to the overhead costs are known, it becomes easy to control such costs. This report will involve analysis of different variables that are believed to affect overhead costs, including number of setups, machines hours and labour hours. Some of the methods of analysis that will be used include descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and use of histograms and graphs. Section A - characteristics of all the variables Calculating measures of location (averages) and dispersion (variation) N Mean Std. Deviation Variance Overhead costs 24 172.79 17.939 321.824 Direct Labour hours 24 1134.67 64.629 4176.928 Machine hours 24 1402.58 213.135 45426.514 No. of setups 24 201.42 13.990 195.732 Valid N (listwise) 24 Table 2: descriptive statistics (averages and variation) Using all 24 months’ data to construct a frequency distribution and histogram for the machine hours Machine Hours Frequency 1000 0 1100 5 1100 0 1200 1 1200 0 1300 2 1300 0 1400 4 1500 3 1600 6 1700 2 1800 1 Table 2: Frequency Distribution Table Figure 1: Histogram for the machine hours Estimating the median and other descriptive statistics for the machine hours Column1 Mean 1402.583 Standard Error 43.50599 Median 1428 Mode 1300 Standard Deviation 213.135 Sample Variance 45426.51 Kurtosis -0.97697 Skewness -0.22011 Range 710 Minimum 1060 Maximum 1770 Sum 33662 Count 24 Table 3: Median and Other Descriptive Statistics for machine hrs A brief Report Determination of descriptive statistics is very essential in decision-making regarding cost. Among the four variables, the highest level of dispersion was reported in machine hours, as shown by the standard deviation and variance, implying that use of machines is likely to significantly affect variations in overhead cost. Number of set ups have the least dispersion, possibly meaning that this variable may not significantly cause cost variation (Table 2). Table 2 shows the grouped frequency histogram for the machine hours, where it is evident that most of the hours lie between 1001 to 1100 and 1501 to1600. The shape of the histogram exhibits a bimodal distribution or rather it has two peaks. This is a problem that results from stratification and it means that the data could have originated from two different sources. It is, therefore, important to identify these sources and analyse the data separately if appropriate. Figure 3 shows the descriptive statistics for the machine hours. The minimum and the maximum values are very useful in quickly identifying the range between which hours fall, which in this case is 1060(min) and 1770(max). The standard error gives the extent to which the distribution is exposed to sample error, which in this case amounts to 43.5 (Mann, 1995). Section B Graphs and analysis of the linear relationships in the variables related to the overhead costs. Figure 2: OH costs vs. direct labour hours Figure 2: Overheads costs are directly related to the direct l abour hours, which means that an increase in direct labour hours leads to an increase in overhead costs. The equation y=2.5352x +

Resistance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Resistance - Essay Example Here, the connection between gender and violence can be established if gender relations is understood as a discourse â€Å"signifying relationships of power† (Jacobs, Jacobson and Marchbank, 2000, p.3). In both cases of violence and gender disparity, thus an exercise of power is involved. On the contrary, resistance is â€Å"a reflection of the potential for subversion and contestation† within the premises â€Å"of established order† (Jacobs, Jacobson and Marchbank, 2000, p.3). This is to suggest that resistance is more concerned with opposing the undemocratic exercise of power, which is often part of the establishment, rather than the simple or violent exercise of power. War has been the greatest exercise of power in human history. As the ethics of war has changed from protecting civilians to deliberately targeting them, the most vulnerable groups, which have lost their â€Å"personal security† are women, children and the ethnic minorities (Jacobs, Jacobs on and Marchbank, 2000, p.5). There is a continuation of this situation in non-war conditions as well in the form of domestic violence, as far as women are concerned. On the other hand, it has also been argued, â€Å"women have been central in democratizing processes† (Jacobs, Jacobson and Marchbank, 2000, p.9).

The Importance Of Biodiversity And Effects Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of Biodiversity And Effects Environmental Sciences Essay The importance of biodiversity has lack know by peoples. Human is actually relying on the biodiversity to survive because biodiversity provide useful and necessary resources such as food and raw material of medicine. Besides, the biodiversity is important role that working on ecosystem. It is kind of transportation of ecosystem service. The ecosystem provides services such as protection of soil thus the biodiversity loss is related to the reduction of ecosystem services. One of the main causes of biodiversity is deforestation. Deforestation rate increase day by day, the species lose their habitat and lack of food to survive. Human hew the forests to get the resources and also develop the human activities such as agriculture and tourism. More than fifty percent of Asian land area use to develop the agriculture. Human being should find out the solution to improve the biodiversity loss and reduction of ecosystem services. Reforestation improves the rate of deforestation but do not have effects on biodiversity loss. Therefore, human being should understand the importance of biodiversity and the consequences of biodiversity loss to increase the awareness and consideration of human to biodiversity issues. The importance of biodiversity and effects of deforestation on biodiversity loss Biodiversity means the species of life on our mother earth and the ecological processes that support the diversity of ecosystems. The goal of this research paper is to understand the importance of biodiversity and the effects of deforestation on biodiversity. The biodiversity and ecosystem issues compare to other environmental issues, peoples have less consideration to biodiversity issues. As the point above mentioned, the biodiversity is related to the condition of global ecosystem. The species of organisms on earth are facing the threat of habitat loss and extinction. If human do not take any action to improve this situation, we would lose many precious species. There are different areas of species of life in the world such as mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, fish and plants. Each of the different species of life has few or more species already extinct. For examples, red colobus monkey, dodo, and phantom shiner. There have no scientists or study can tell us how many species of life are in the world because our mother earth is a complex world and the relevant organizations discover new species to science ceaselessly until now. Therefore, we do not know there is how many species we are losing exactly. There are some experts forecast that the speed of biodiversity loss nowadays is between thousand and ten thousand higher than the natural extinction rate. Human may not understand well the influence of biodiversity to the entire human race and global ecosystems. Human obtain many resources from biodiversity, such as food, timber, raw materials of medicine and souvenir. In addition of those basic provisions, the biodiversity play the important roles of maintaining the ecosystem of the world. It provides the important services, such as cleaning water resources, protection of soil, reduction of global diseases and dedication of maintain the stability of climate. Biodiversity also contributes social benefits to us like tourism and entertainment development. However, human pay attention to what and how many benefits they can get from the biodiversity and ecosystem, the value of biodiversity and ecosystem would neglected by human. Nowadays, science has better perceptive to the biodiversity effects and ecosystem services. There are several study of biodiversity effects show that the biodiversity loss is relevant with the reduction of ecosystem services (e.g., Balvanera et al.2006, Cardinale et al.2007, Thompson et al.2009 as cited in Thompson, Okabe, Tylianakis, Kumar, Brockerhoff, Schellhorn, Parrotta Nasi, 2011). Thompson and colleagues (2009) found that seventy six percent of twenty one studies states that there is direct relationship between the richness of species and the production of ecosystem services. Based on all these studies, the biodiversity play the role of transportation of ecosystem services. Therefore, the damage of biodiversity may influence the cycling of species, and the transportation of ecosystem services. When the ecosystem services reduce, the environmental issues such as climate change will be more serious. From the above points of view, we can understand how important the biodiversity are and human could not survive without biodiversity and ecosystem service. One of the main reasons that cause biodiversity loss is deforestation. The animals lose their habitat and the biodiversity of forests are damage when deforestation happens. The area which has the highest rate of deforestation is Southeast Asia. According to a study of land use change in Asia, fifty percent of the Asian land is under the development of agriculture or the development of human activities ( Zhao, Peng, Jiang, Tian, Lei Zhou, 2006) In South Asia, seventy three percent of the land area is used as the development of agriculture. Therefore, the animals have no habitats and enough food to survive. For example, Singapore has ninety five percent of deforestation rate over the past one hundred and eighty three thus there has more than twenty eight percent of species has eliminated. Another country that have high rate of biodiversity loss caused by deforestation is Thailand (Zhao et al., 2006). Brooks, Mittermeier, Fonseca, Rylands, Konstant, Flick, Pilgrim, Oldfield, Magin Taylor (2001) stated that Nearly half the worlds vascular plant species and one-third of terrestrial vertebrates are endemic to twenty five of hotspots of biodiversity, each of which has at least one thousand and five hundred endemic plant species. None of these hotspots have more than one-third of their pristine habitat remaining. Historically, they covered twelve percent of the lands surface, but today their intact habitat covers only one point four of the land. Based on this article, we can know that the endemic of hotspots are facing the problem of extinction because of the habitat loss. When the habitat areas decrease, the species have highest possibility of extinction problems. Discussion As we know that, the biodiversity loss is more and more serious nowadays. Human should find out the solution to reduce the biodiversity loss. To reduce the extinction of biodiversity, we should decrease the rate of deforestation of the world. One of the solutions of deforestation is reforestation. Although reforestation does improve the rate of deforestation, it does not fully renovate the species richness and ecosystem of a forest. There is a study about the value of plantation forests; it finds that the species richness of reforestation is not as abundant as the aboriginal forest (Gardner, Hernandez, Barlow Peres, 2008). In my opinion, the best way to decrease the rate of deforestation is improve the consideration and awareness of human being. Government and the relevant organization should encourage peoples to concern about this topic and let children have the concepts of biodiversity and deforestation. Peoples should know well about the seriousness and consequences of biodiversity loss and the reduction of ecosystem thus they will appreciate and conserve the nature. Besides, Government should be stricter in land management to prevent peoples or some companies over extract the forests to acquire self-benefits. In addition, we can use science to improve the biodiversity loss and reduction of ecosystem services. For example, Sustainable forest management (SFM) is ecosystem management that work on the conservation of environment, such as biodiversity issues. They try to use scientific method to find out the most effective way and translating it into policy to conserve and renovate the biodiversity loss and reduction of ecosystem services (Thompson et al., 2011). Finally, there are also simple solutions such as do not buy the souvenirs that made of animals, less use of air-conditioner and buy timber from the legal company. Although those simple ways look not as effective as scientific method, peoples should make contribution to environmental issues. Conclusion The biodiversity loss has facing the highest rate over the past years. The government and organization of environment should not be the only who responsible to the conservation of environment. Human should have more knowledge about the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem service thus the awareness of human to biodiversity will increase. Human being should be more intelligent to maintain and protect our mother earth. If the rate of biodiversity loss and reduction of ecosystem continue increase, none of us can endure the consequences. Therefore, human being must be more consideration to this issue. Not only the government, should parents play a good role of model to their children to make the better environment for our next generation.